Introduction to psychology questions and answers pdf

Latest Psychology MCQ Objective Questions

Psychology MCQ Question 1:

What is the annual fee required to be paid by the guardian of a child for the education of his child in state government schools?

1. zero
2.  One Hundred
3. One thousand
4. None of these

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : zero

RTE came into force on 1st April 2010. Under the provisions of this Act, every child in the age group of 6-14 years will be provided eight years of elementary education in an age-appropriate classroom in the vicinity of his/her neighborhood.

• The admission of children by RTE, 2009 shall be done by draw of lots or by the directions issued by the State Government, from time to time.
• No School or person shall, while admitting the child, collect any capitation fee and subject the child or his/her parent/guardian to any screening procedure.
• In the case of schools that have been set up exclusively for boys or girls, the admissions by RTE, 2009 shall be granted to only boys or girls, as the case may be.

Thus, it can be inferred that as per the RTE 2009 and  Rajasthan, RTE rules act 2011, the parents of the child should not have to pay any fee to admit their child into Govt. school.

Psychology MCQ Question 2:

Out of the following which is not the characteristics of attitude?

1. Attitude is innate.
2. Attitude is not fix, it is changeable.
3. Attitude affect our behaviours and actions.
4. Attitude shows towards an object, situation, person, etc.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Attitude is innate.

The correct answer is Attitude is innate.

• Characteristics of attitude:
  • Attitudes are predispositions.
  • Attitudes are different from values.
  • Attitude are an evaluative statement.
  • Attitude influences human behaviour.
  • Attitude has intensity.
  • Attitude are learnt.
  • Attitude is not fixed, it is changeable.
  • Attitude affects our behaviours and actions.
  • Attitude shows towards an object, situation, person, etc.
  • Attitudes are not innate but learned, acquired and conditioned. 

Hence statement 1 is not correct.

• An attitude is a positive, negative, or mixed evaluation of an object that is expressed at some level of intensity.
• Our attitude can vary in strength along both positive affects, and negative affects, with ambivalence or with apathy and indifference.
• It usually implies feelings that are either positive or negative. 
• Gordon Allport said, “An altitude is a mental and neural stale of readiness, organized through experience, exerting a directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s response to ill objects and situations with which it is related.”

Psychology MCQ Question 3:

What was the age group prescribed by 'Bellock' in his children's apperception test to measure personality?

1. 0 to 5 years
2. 2 to 5 years
3. 3 to 10 years
4. 5 to 10 years

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : 3 to 10 years

The correct answer is 3 to 10 years.

• 'Children Appreciation Test' or 'CAT' is a kind of projective test invented by psychologist 'Leopold Bellak' for children of three to ten years of age.
• It was an offshoot of psychologist Henry Murray's Thematic Appreciation Test in which people portraying cards are used to evaluate children's personalities.
• In the CAT test, picture cards are given to children to reveal and evaluate their interests.
• Children’s observation power, the pattern of thoughts, etc are recognized while they give responses to those cards.
• The CAT Cards substitute 'animals for people' by assuming that the children would identify the pictures of animals more easily than that of people and would give significant responses.
• Some of the dimensions of personality include the level of reality testing and judgment, control and regulation of drives, defences, conflicts, and level of autonomy.

Hence, we conclude that the Children Apperception Test (CAT) is applicable for the 3 to 10 years of age group.

• Personality is all that a person is.
• It is the totality of one’s behaviour towards one’s own self as well as others.
• It includes everything about the person, his/her physical, emotional, social, mental, and spiritual make-up. 
• Projective techniques of personality measurement are the tests that are designed to reveal those central aspects of personality that lie in the unconscious mind of an individual.

Psychology MCQ Question 4:

Out of the following which is a type among the classification prescribed by Kretschmer in his constitutional theory of personality?

1. Endomorphy
2. Mesomorphy
3. Asthenic
4. Ectomorphy

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Asthenic

The correct answer is Asthenic.

• Ernst Kretschmer is known for developing a classification system that can be seen as one of the earliest exponents of a constitutional approach.

• Kretschmer divided the human body into three types.

1. Pyknic is stocky and fat
2. Athletic is muscular and large–boned. 
3. Asthenic is thin, small, and weak.

• The athletic category was later combined into the category asthenic/leptosomic.

Hence Asthenic is the correct answer. 

• Each of these body types was associated with certain personality traits.
• Kretschmer believed that pyknic persons were friendly, interpersonally dependent, and gregarious.
• In a more extreme version of these traits, this would mean for example that the obese are predisposed toward manic-depressive illness.
• Thin types were associated with introversion and timidity.
• This was seen as a milder form of the negative symptoms exhibited by withdrawn schizophrenics.
• However, the idea of the association of body types with personality traits is no longer influential in personality theory.

• Endomorphs are said to have a higher percentage of body fat and less muscle mass.
• Mesomorph refers to body types with a naturally high muscle-to-fat ratio. 
• Ectomorphs are long and lean, with little body fat, and little muscle. 

Psychology MCQ Question 5:

Out of the following which is not the component of 'content dimension' as given by Guilford 'Structure of Intellect' model?

1. Figural
2. Cognition
3. Symbolic
4. Verbal

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : Cognition

The correct answer is Cognition.

• Guilford's structure of intellect, the main dimensions of intellect are Operation, Content, and Product.
• According to this theory, There are
  • 6 kinds of operations (cognition, memory recording, memory retention, divergent production, convergent production, evaluation),
  • 6 kinds of products (units, classes, relations, systems, transformations, and implications), and
  • 5 kinds of contents (visual or figural, auditory or verbal, symbolic, semantic, behavioural).
• Hence Cognition is not the kind of content. 

• Each of these dimensions is independent, there are theoretically 180 different components of intelligence.
• Guilford researched and developed a wide variety of psychometric tests to measure the specific abilities predicted by SI theory.
• These tests provide an operational definition of the many abilities proposed by the theory.
• Furthermore, factor analysis was used to determine which tests appeared to measure the same or different abilities.

• Intelligence refers to the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.
• It is the ability to solve problems, learn from experiences, and apply knowledge to deal with new situations.
• There are many theories related to intelligence.
• These theories are propounded by eminent psychologists to provide a framework to understand different aspects of human intelligence.
• Structured theory of Intelligence 
  • SI model of intelligence was given by I P Guilford in 1966.
  • In J.P. Guilford’s Structure of Intellect (SI) theory, intelligence is viewed as comprising operations, contents, and products.

Top Psychology MCQ Objective Questions

Some parents think that if they leave their children among their friends, there is strong probability for them to deviate on some wrong path. What do you think about this?

1. This is not correct. On the contrary, if a child does not get the company of his companions, there is more probability of his behavior to be distorted
2. It is correct that if a child is left in bad company, there is more possibility  of going in  a wrong direction. Hence, the parents should themselves select the company
3. To make the child, a part of society, he should be left in good or bad company. because he should get every type of experience in this tender age
4. Socialization of the children should be in a free and natural way. There should be no intervention of the parents

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : This is not correct. On the contrary, if a child does not get the company of his companions, there is more probability of his behavior to be distorted

Socialization is the process where the child learns to associate and relate with others. It refers to the process which transforms a quite helpless human infant into a self-aware, knowledgeable person who is skilled in the ways of their society’s culture. 

Types of Socialization: 

    1. Primary Socialization: 

• It happens during infancy and childhood. It refers to the process where the child becomes socialized through the family or neighborhood in the early childhood years. 
• This highlights that the key agent in the process of primary socialization is the family.
• For example, a very young child in a family has little knowledge of his culture. He is unaware of the values, social norms, practices, etc. It is through the family that the child gets to know what is accepted and what is not in a particular society.

    2. Secondary Socialization: 

• It occurs once the infant passes into the childhood phase and continues into maturity. It refers to the process that begins in the later years through agencies such as school education and peer groups. 
• During this phase more than the family, some other agents of socialization like the school and friends’ group begin to play a role in socializing the child.
• Friends, school, and media are some examples of secondary social agents. 

• Friends are important for the emotional and moral growth of children.
• It comes under the part 'Socialization' which helps children to manage their emotions, feelings, needs, understanding others, and communicating with others in a respectful and mature way.
• So, interaction with friends or peer groups helps in the overall development of the child. It also helps in developing social skills like cooperation, interaction, and many more.

Therefore, ''Some parents think that if they leave their children among their friends, there is a strong probability for them to deviate on some wrong path.'' This is not correct. On the contrary, if a child does not get the company of his companions, there is more probability of his behavior to be distorted.

Which of the following option is not a characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

1. Problem in vision and hearing
2. Problem in social interaction
3. Problem in verbal and nonverbal communication
4. Repetitive behaviour

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Problem in vision and hearing

 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a developmental disorder impairs the communication, self-regulation, and social interaction skills of an individual. Autism is a “spectrum condition” that affects people differently and to varying degrees.

Characteristics of autism include:

• It is an early-onset disorder that is present from birth and can be diagnosed as early as 2 years of age in the developmental stage.
• Presence of repetitive patterns of behavior.
• Severe impairment in basic social skills.
• Problems or delay in the development of communication skills.
• Problems with non-verbal communication such as body language.
• Trouble in developing and maintaining relationships with others
• Avoiding eye contact with others.
• Under or overreaction to one or more of the five senses: sight, touch, taste, smell, or hearing.

Hence, it could be concluded that the problem in vision and hearing is not a characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Which of the following skills is associated with emotional intelligence ?

1. Memorising
2. Motor processing
3. Envisaging
4. Empathising

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Empathising

Emotion is a mental state associated with fear, anger, love, etc while emotional intelligence refers to the capability of an individual to recognise, control and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others as well.

• It also involves your perception of others when you understand how they feel, this allows you to manage relationships more effectively.
• An individual with high EQ is able to communicate better, lessen their anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, improve relationships, empathize with others, and overcome life's challenges.

Elements of emotional intelligence:

• Empathy
• Social skills
• Self-confidence
• Self-motivation
• Conscientiousness
• Handling relationships
• Motivation and adaptability
• Self-regulation/Awareness

Hence, Empathising is associated with emotional intelligence.

Motor Processes: voluntary activity in the muscles of the body. It involves muscular movement (including) performance of complex motor acts. 

Envisaging: an event is an amalgamation of various interconnected services coming together with a clear and concise direction to achieve the business goal. Hence, we can say it is related to cognitive skills.

An example of external factor of attention is:

1. Memory
2. Forgetting
3. Competitive spirit
4. Interest

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Competitive spirit

To understand human behavior, we need to understand the mental processes through which we acquire information and try to understand it

• Cognitive processes are those mental processes using which, we acquire information from the world and understand it.
• There are five important cognitive processes namely: attention, perception, learning, memory and thinking.

• There are broadly four forms of attention: selective attention, divided attention, sustained attention, and executive attention. 
• Attention is a key component of our cognitive system which starts right from the stage of our birth. For example, a newborn quickly responds to the environment’s stimuli such as loud noise by turning his head towards that direction.

Attention can be influenced by both external and internal factors.

External factors:- These are the factors that are external in nature and are usually governed by the characteristics of the stimuli.

• These external factors could be related to the nature of the stimuli, the intensity as well as the size of the stimuli, the degree to which contrast, variety, or change is present in the stimuli. 
• Moreover, a stimulus that is in a state of motion will be able to catch our attention more quickly than a stationary one.
• Competitive spirit is one of the examples of the external factor of attention as it is influenced by external factors.

• Forgetting is the loss, permanent or temporary of the ability to recall or recognize something learned earlier.
• Interest is said to be the mother of attention. It is an internal factor of attention. We attend to objects in which we have an interest. We would like to watch a  movie or a serial on TV because we are interested in the subject around which the movie or serial revolves.
• Memory is a constructive process as the information that is stored undergoes modification according to past knowledge and schema.

​Thus, it is concluded that An example of an external factor of attention is Competitive spirit.

  Internal factors:- They are also known as subjective factors.

• The subjective factors which influence attention are interests, motive, mindset, and our attitudes & moods.
•  Similarly, our needs or motives equally govern our attention for specific events or objects.
• Moreover, the mental readiness of a person to respond to certain stimuli or preparedness will also determine the attention level for that person.

Which of the following is the greatest problem for a school ?

1. Lack of finances
2. Lack of good infrastructure
3. Lack of good teachers
4. Lack of students continuously

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Lack of good teachers

School is a formal organization. It is an arrangement or structure within which principals, supervisors, teachers, pupils, and others cooperate to carry out various activities of the school so as to achieve the organizational goals of educating the young ones. It, being a school has all the characteristics of a formal organization. 

• A school, like any other formal organization, has an assigned hierarchy. At the apex is the principal. Below him are a few supervisors; under each supervisor are a number of teachers, and under each teacher is a large body of pupils. The framing of this hierarchy is guided by certain codes and rules.
• Every position in the hierarchy has definite roles and responsibilities. This means the principal, the supervisors, the teachers, etc. have their specific roles and responsibilities.
• The objectives and tasks of a school, as in the case of any other formal organization, are perceived not only by the members of the organization but also by everyone in society.  

Following are some problems for a school:

• Lack of good teacher
• Lack of motivation in students
• Lack of good teaching strategies and educational plans etc.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the lack of good teachers is the greatest problem for a school.

What type of factor motivation is

1. Physical
2. Social
3. Psychological
4. Cultural

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Psychological

Learning is a process that refers to a change in behaviour, knowledge and skill as a result of practice and experience. There are many factors that affect learning and the 'psychological aspect' is one of them. Psychological Factors are the elements of one's personality that limit or enhance the ways that one learn and thinks. Some Psychological factors that affect learning are :

• Physical Health (Age)
• Readiness
• Maturation and Ability
• Motivation and Interest
• Learning Desire
• Positive Learning Environment

Motivation is the psychological factor that initiates, guides and maintains goal oriented behaviour. It is the process of stimulating people to action for accomplishing the goal. Motivation is an urge to behave or act in a way that will satisfy certain conditions, such as wishes, desires, or goals.

Characteristics of Motivated teaching:

• Motivation is important because it allows to change behaviour, develop competencies, make plans, grow interested, develop talent etc.
• It helps in the self-development of people.
• Motivation helps to achieve goals. It is an important life skill. To achieve a goal, one needs to be motivated. 
• Motivation also helps to drive creativity and curiosity, sparking the desire.

• A facility for engaging with students at their level of understanding
• It can help children to be encouraging and energetic.

Hence, motivation is considered a psychological factor.

According to psychologists, what are the two different types of motivation?

1. Imaginative and Objective Motivation
2. Happy and Sad Motivation
3. Initial and final motivation
4. Internal and external motivation

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Internal and external motivation

Motivation can be defined as a reason (or reasons) that leads an individual to act in a certain way. The phenomenon of motivation isn’t limited to just humans and occurs in every organism living. The reasons might not always be the same between two individuals acting in a certain way, but almost every action is directed by certain motivation.

Motivation can be further divided into two different types.

• Intrinsic Motivation
• Extrinsic Motivation

Both kinds of motivation take part equally in the day-to-day life of an individual, and there are basic similarities and differences between the two. 

•The act of being motivated by internal factors to perform certain actions and behaviour is called Intrinsic Motivation.

• Whenever an individual performs an action or behaviour because the individual is affected by external factors such as rewards or punishments, such a form of motivation is called Extrinsic Motivation.

Intrinsic Motivation-

• An intrinsically motivated activity will always be rewarded due to the direct relationship between the activity and the goal. This secures a continuous motivation to do the activity.
• Intrinsic motivation is internal. It occurs when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance, or aspiration.
• So, it does not require an external push, unlike extrinsic motivation which requires an external motivating factor. So intrinsic motivation is more beneficial. 

Extrinsic  Motivation-

• When an activity is performed to accomplish the goal of an external reward, the person is said to be extrinsically motivated.
• Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors compel the person to do something.
• This is motivation based on external rewards and has nothing to do with the activity directly. The Behaviourists' approach to motivation mainly focuses on the external rewards of reinforcement and punishment. 

Which of the following therapies starts with the person imagining their most feared form of contact with the feared object:

1. Assertive
2. Aversive
3. Implosive
4. bio feedback

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Implosive

Implosive therapy

• It starts with the person imagining their most feared form of contact with the feared object, accompanied by vivid verbal descriptions by the therapist.
• The therapist functions as a coach.
• The client is asked to imagine the anxiety arousing stimuli.

Aversive therapy:

• In order to eliminate habits that are undesirable and injurious for health and happiness, aversion therapy is used.
• The therapist arranges things in such a way that the occurrence of maladjustive habits generates painful experiences and to avoid them clients learn to give them up.
• For example, alcohol is paired with an emetic drug (which induces severe nausea and vomiting) so that nausea and vomiting become a conditioned response to alcohol.

Assertive therapy:

• Persons suffering from excessive shyness and having difficulties in interpersonal interactions are subjected to assertive learning.
• This therapy is also based on the principles of learning. 

Biofeedback:

• There are persons who lose mental peace with an accelerated rate of breathing, loss of appetite, and rise in blood pressure at the slightest provocation. In such cases, psychotherapists give biofeedback treatment.
• This technique is based on the interaction between classical and instrumental conditioning.
• In biofeedback, a bodily function (such as heart rate or blood pressure) is monitored and information about the function is fed back to the person to facilitate improved control of the physiological process. 

Hence, implosive therapy starts with the person imagining their most feared form of contact with the feared object.

Scope of study of Child Development is

1. Study of different stages of Child Development.
2. Study of effects of environment on Child Development
3. Study of individual differences 
4. All of the above

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : All of the above

Child development refers to the sequence of physical, language, thought and emotional changes that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood. 

• The human life span has been divided into the stages of infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Child development refers to the sequence of physical, language, thought and emotional changes that occur in a child from birth to the beginning of adulthood. 
• It is also important to remember that behavior varies from one context to another. Therefore, before arriving at any conclusion regarding a child, it is important to understand the entire situation and observe her in different contexts and environments.
• Though all children go through developmental sequences, they do so at different rates. This results in individual differences in the ages at which children acquire a particular ability.
• Therefore, while we say that children begin to walk around twelve months of age, one child may begin to walk at nine months, another at 10 months and yet another at15 months.

So, all of the above is true in the context of the scope of study of Child Development.

The main aim of life skill is

1. To develop capabilities
2. To develop ability according to demands and challenges
3. To receive the answer of every question
4. To become good teacher

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : To develop ability according to demands and challenges

A skill is a learned ability to do something well. So Life Skills are the abilities that individuals can develop to live a fruitful life. Life Skills are psychosocial abilities that enable individuals to translate knowledge, attitudes, and values regarding their concerns into well informed and healthy behaviours. Empowered with such skills, young people can make decisions based on a logical process of "what to do, why to do, how to do and when to do"

The main aim of life skills is:

The abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life.

• 'Adaptive' means that a person is flexible in approach and can adjust in different circumstances.
• 'Positive behavior' implies that a person is forward looking, and even in difficult situations can identify a ray of hope and opportunities to find solutions. 

Other aims:

• The Life Skills Education aims to reinforce existing knowledge and positive attitudes and values along with the prevention of negative attitudes and risky behaviours. 
• Life Skills Education contributes to the promotion of personal and social development and the prevention of health and social problems.
• Participatory and interactive teaching-learning methods are the critical components of Life Skills Education.
• The schools can promote Life Skills Education by creating a friendly, supportive, stimulating and structured learning environment.  

Hence, we can conclude that the main aim of life skill is to develop ability according to demands and challenges.

The psychological model that explains abnormal behaviour in the light of learning maladaptive ways is:

1. Cognitive model
2. Psychodynamic model
3. Social model
4. Behavioural model

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Behavioural model

There are several psychological models that provide a psychological explanation of mental disorders. These models maintain that psychological and interpersonal factors have a significant role to play in abnormal behavior. These factors include maternal deprivation (separation from the mother, or lack of warmth and stimulation during early years of life), faulty parent-child relationships (rejection, overprotection, over - permissiveness, faulty discipline, etc.), maladaptive family structures (inadequate or disturbed family), and severe stress.

The psychological models include the psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic-existential models.

1) Psychodynamic model:

• Psychodynamic theorists believe that behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is determined by psychological forces within the person of which s/he is not consciously aware.
• These internal forces are considered dynamic, i.e. they interact with one another and their interaction gives shape to behavior, thoughts, and emotions.
• Abnormal symptoms are viewed as the result of conflicts between these forces.
• This model was first formulated by Freud who believed that three central forces shape personality — instinctual needs, drives, and impulses (id), rational thinking (ego), and moral standards (superego).
• Freud stated that abnormal behavior is a symbolic expression of unconscious mental conflicts that can be generally traced to early childhood or infancy.

2) Behavioural model:

• This model states that both normal and abnormal behaviors are learned and psychological disorders are the result of learning maladaptive ways of behaving.
• The model concentrates on behaviors that are learned through conditioning and propose that what has been learned can be unlearned.
• Learning can take place by classical conditioning (temporal association in which two events repeatedly occur close together in time), operant conditioning (behavior is followed by a reward), and social learning (learning by imitating others’ behavior).  These three types of conditioning account for behavior, whether adaptive or maladaptive.

3) Cognitive model: 

• This model states that abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems.
• People may hold assumptions and attitudes about themselves that are irrational and inaccurate.
• People may also repeatedly think in illogical ways and make overgeneralizations, that is, they may draw broad, negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event

4) Humanistic-existential model:

• It focuses on broader aspects of human existence.
• Humanists believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive, and are driven to self-actualize, i.e. to fulfill this potential for goodness and growth.
• Existentialists believe that from birth we have total freedom to give meaning to our existence or to avoid that responsibility. Those who shirk from this responsibility would live empty, inauthentic, and dysfunction.

Hence, The psychological model that explains abnormal behavior in the light of learning maladaptive ways is Behavioural model.

Sociocultural model: 

• abnormal behavior is best understood in light of the social and cultural forces that influence an individual. 
• As behavior is shaped by societal forces, factors such as family structure and communication, social networks, societal conditions, and societal labels and roles become more important.

The drive-reduction theory of motivation is given by

1. Hull
2. Freud
3. Maslow
4. Kapson

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Hull

The correct answer is Hull.

• A theory of motivation developed by Clark L. Hull, the Drive-Reduction Theory focuses on how motivation originates from biological needs or drives.
• In this theory, Hull proposed a person's behaviour is an external display of his desire to satisfy his physical deficiencies.
• Hull based his theory on the earlier theories that correlate to the concepts of motivation.
• His theory is grounded on the principle of homeostasis, believing that behaviour is one of the ways in which a person can maintain the state of homeostasis or balance.
• The theory was further developed by Kenneth Spence as it began to be a major theory of motivation in the late 1940s.
• A “drive" is a state of arousal or tension triggered by a person’s physiological or biological needs. These needs include hunger, thirst, need for warmth, etc. In this theory, Hull stated that drives give origin to an individual’s motivation.
• When a person’s drive emerges, he will be in an unpleasant state of tension and the person will behave in such a way that this tension is reduced.

What is Life Skill Development?

1. It is a process of adjustment and accommodation in life. 
2. Develop confidence and self esteem. 
3. Develop knowledge and professional confidence.
4. It is a lifelong process that helps individuals to grow and mature.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : It is a lifelong process that helps individuals to grow and mature.

The term life skills have become an important concept in the discussions on learning and development and has been used by different organizations with different objectives. 

• Psychosocial abilities: that empowers individuals to connect with self as well as others and develop a healthy lifestyle and positive behaviors.
• Innumerable life skills are needed to function as complete individuals and as responsible members of social and political groups like the family/household, community/society/workplace. market, state, and likewise institutions.
• Contextual: They may vary according to time and space. It is not necessary that skills relevant at one period of time may also be useful for all times. The same will apply to spatial dimensions which would vary across cultures and regions.
• Methods and techniques that will make the child have a positive outlook and think and act with sensitivity, logic, and rationality.
• Best learned through interactive, learner-centered methods.
• Acquired through a social learning process of observation, practice, and application.
• Practical in nature and are based on experimental learning. 

Thus, it can be concluded that life skills development is the lifelong process that helps individuals to grow and mature.

According to Frey and Stutzer, age affects happiness in_____ manner.

1. W-shaped
2. Z-Shaped
3. U-shaped
4. V-Shaped

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : U-shaped

Everyone wants to be happy. There are few goals in life shared by so many people. Economic activity—the production of goods and services—is certainly not an end in itself but only has value in so far as it contributes to human happiness.
But, surprisingly enough, economists have long left the study of happiness to other disciplines, especially psychology. True, when the science of economics was founded by the classics, it was taken for granted that happiness can be measured and used to determine whether a particular economic policy raises or lowers the happiness of the people affected. 

• Several studies have shown that the relation of happiness to age is U-shaped: The younger, but also the older people tend to be happier.
• Frey and Stutzer ran standard happiness regressions for both 1995 and 2000 and then conducted a T-test for equivalence to see if there was any significant difference in the results between the two years.
• As in many other countries, there is a quadratic relationship between age and happiness, a U-shaped curve with the lowest point on the curve being 47 years of age (this is slightly older than the turning point for most OECD countries and the United States, which is typically in the early forties). Men were happier than women in Russia, both in 1995 and in 2000.  Higher levels of education are correlated with higher levels of happiness in Russia, as they are in most countries. Retirees are less happy than others, which reflects the oft-described plight of pensioners in Russia. 

Socio-demographic factors of happiness
Studies were undertaken with data for many different countries and periods of time have identified the following main general results:

• Age affects happiness in a U-shaped manner. Young and old people report being happier than middle-aged people. The least happy people are aged between 30 and 35.
• Women report being slightly happier than men.
• Couples with and without children are happier than singles, single parents and people living in collective households.
• Foreigners report being significantly less happy than nationals.
• People with higher education indicate significantly higher well-being.
• Bad health significantly lowers self-reported happiness.

In a negatively skewed distribution the position of the Mean with reference to the Median is:

1. Left of the median
2. Right of the median
3. Same as median
4. Same as Mode

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Left of the median

Frequency distribution, in statistics, a graph or data set organized to show the frequency of occurrence of each possible outcome of a repeatable event observed many times.

Normal Distribution:

• The normal distribution, also known as a Gaussian distribution or “bell curve” is the most common frequency distribution. 
• This distribution is symmetrical, with most values falling towards the center and long tails to the left and right.
• It is a continuous distribution, with no gaps between values.

Skewed Distribution:

1. A left-skewed distribution has a long left tail.
   • Left-skewed distributions are also called negatively-skewed distributions. That’s because there is a long tail in the negative direction on the number line.
   • The mean is also to the left of the peak.
2. A right-skewed distribution has a long right tail.
   • Right-skewed distributions are also called positive-skew distributions. That’s because there is a long tail in the positive direction on the number line.
   • The mean is also to the right of the peak.

Who used the word Psychology for the first time?

1. Rudolf Galkaye
2. Guilford
3. Skinner
4. Pavlov

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : Rudolf Galkaye

The word psychology is derived from two Greek words “psyche” and “logos”. Psyche means soul (life) and logos means knowledge (explanation) or the study of the soul.

• The first use of the term “psychology” is often attributed to the German scholastic philosopher Rudolf Göckel, who published the Psychologia hoc est de hominis perfectione, anima, ortu in 1590. 
• Psychology was one of the last special sciences that separated from philosophy in the nineteenth century.
• One of the most influential early users of the term in English was Herbert Spencer who published the first volume of his Principles of Psychology in 1870. 

Thus, it is concluded that Rudolf Göckel used the word Psychology for the first time.

• ​Guilford developed the theory of multiple intelligence.
• Skinner was an American psychologist best-known for his influence on behaviorism.
• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, a physiologist whose studies of digestion won him the Nobel Prize in 1904, concluded that stimuli other than food, may produce salivation and this led him to study conditioned reflex in detail.

The word 'psychology' has originated from the word:

1. Logus
2. Psycho
3. Psyche, and logos
4. None of these

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Psyche, and logos

The term psychology is derived from two Greek words psyche meaning soul and logos meaning science or study of a subject. Thus psychology was a study of the soul or mind. Psychology is concerned with almost all aspects of our lives. Psychology emerged as an independent academic discipline in 1879, when German Professor Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at the university of Leipzig, Germany.

What is anorexia nervosa?

1. Nervous system blockage
2. Sleep disorder
3. Eating disorder
4. Physical disability

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Eating disorder

A disorder could be defined as a set of problems, which result in causing significant difficulty, distress, impairment, and/or suffering in a person's daily life.

• Anorexia-Nervosa often simply called anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of weight.
• People with anorexia place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with their lives.
• To prevent weight gain or to continue losing weight, people with anorexia usually severely restrict the amount of food they eat.
• They may control calorie intake by vomiting after eating or by misusing laxatives, diet aids, diuretics, or enemas. 
• Anorexia isn't really about food. It's an extremely unhealthy and sometimes life-threatening way to try to cope with emotional problems.

Hence, it is clear that anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder.

Which one is not the quality of a good school ?

1. Teaching of all subjects
2. Conduction of debates and essay writing
3. No organization of games
4. Well developed laboratories

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : No organization of games

School is an agency for formal education that has its own structure and organization. It is governed by rules and regulations prescribed by the state. It is a place designed to provide an adequate learning environment for an effective teaching-learning process. It a miniature society where children learn by interacting with their environment.

Seven characteristics of highly effective schools: 

• Supplemental support is provided for student learning.
• A strong and well-defined sense of purpose among faculty.
• Faculty collaborate and support each other.
• An explicit focus on test preparation.
• Teaching resources are widely available as Well developed laboratories.
• Teachers have regular access to professional development opportunities.
• Teaching and learning are prioritized to support high academic expectations for student learning. There should be a place for debates and essay writing.

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that no organization of games is not a quality of a good school.

According to Frey and Stutzer, in which age group are people least happy?

1. 15 and 20
2. 40 and 45
3. 30 and 35
4. 20 and 25

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : 30 and 35

Everyone wants to be happy. There are few goals in life shared by so many people. Economic activity—the production of goods and services—is certainly not an end in itself but only has value in so far as it contributes to human happiness.
But, surprisingly enough, economists have long left the study of happiness to other disciplines, especially psychology. True, when the science of economics was founded by the classics, it was taken for granted that happiness can be measured and used to determine whether a particular economic policy raises or lowers the happiness of the people affected. 

Socio-demographic factors of happiness
Studies were undertaken with data for many different countries and periods of time have identified the following main general results:

• Age affects happiness in a U-shaped manner. Young and old people report being happier than middle-aged people. The least happy people are aged between 30 and 35.
• Women report being slightly happier than men.
• Couples with and without children are happier than singles, single parents and people living in collective households.
• Foreigners report being significantly less happy than nationals.
• People with higher education indicate significantly higher well-being.
• Bad health significantly lowers self-reported happiness.​

What is Introduction to psychology all about?

What is called psychology?

What is study in psychology?

What are the chapters in psychology?