Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a form of arrhythmia or heart rhythm disorder characterised by an irregular heartbeat. It occurs due to problems with the heart’s electrical activity. AF can cause mild to severe symptoms, such as palpitations, dizziness, breathlessness and fatigue. Although, many people experience no symptoms at all. AF is also a key risk factor for stroke, so getting a diagnosis and treatment is very important.
Concerned you may have AF or want to find out more about AF treatments? Leading London cardiologist Dr Syed Ahsan treats patients with a wide range of heart-related symptoms and conditions, including atrial fibrillation, and is a catheter ablation specialist.
What Are the Types of Arrhythmias?
An arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat, and it can be caused by a variety of processes and problems with the heart, for example, heart disease, injury from a heart attack, or healing after heart surgery. Even people with healthy hearts can have irregular heart rhythms. There are a variety of types of arrhythmias (abnormal heart beat), for example:
- Premature ventricular contractions or PVCs
- Atrial fibrillation
- Atrial flutter
- Certain types of tachycardias
- Ventricular fibrillation
- Long QT syndrome
- Bradyarrhythmias
- Heart block
Are atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation the same thing?
Picture of the Heart's Abnormal Electrical Conduction in AFib
Atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation (AFib), and atrial tachycardia are not the same things. However, all three terms have in common a rapid heart rate that can be felt when a person feels their pulse. Atrial tachycardia is a general term that indicates a cardiac condition where the rate of contraction of the heart's atria is fast and not normal but does not describe the type of heart rhythm other than fast. Atrial tachycardia's also termed supraventricular tachycardia and is a type of cardiac arrhythmia that usually result in a fast heartbeat, even at rest.
In contrast, atrial flutter and AFib are two of the main types of atrial tachycardia. They are distinguished by the different patterns of abnormal electrical impulses generated in the atria; a regular pattern for atrial flutter and an irregular pattern for AFib. Both are considered abnormal heart rhythm and not good for heart health, and both have the potential to decrease the overall health of the patient.
SLIDESHOW
Atrial Fibrillation: Heart Symptoms, Diagnosis, & AFib Treatment See SlideshowWhat are the differences in how atrial flutter and AFib affect the heart (ECG wave strip patterns)?
What do ECG and electrical conduction of a normal heart look like?
Normal Cross Section of the Heart and Its Electrical Conduction
ECG strip of Normal Heart Rhythm
Atrial flutter ECG
Atrial flutter is a health condition that causes the atria of the heart to have conduction or electrical problem that result in a re-entry loop in a regular pattern that causes the atria to beat at a rapid rate of about 240-360 beats per minute (bpm). The atrial flutter waves are regular and on an electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) are seen as P waves in a regular "saw tooth" pattern (small P waves in succession with short or no intervals between each wave). Often, the flutter waves are not completely transferred through the AV node to the ventricular heart chambers so occasionally electrical conduction blocks occur and produce a 2:1, 3:1, or 4:1 ventricular contraction rate that is mainly regular. The most common atrial flutter occurs when the atria beat at a rate of 300 bpm and the ventricular contraction rate is 150 bpm (2:1 conduction). Infrequently, some patients with flutter waves may also have bradycardia because the heart's ventricles are not receiving most of the flutter P waves. Flutter waves may come and go spontaneously in some patients. Atrial flutter is the second most common tachyarrhythmia.
ECG sawtooth wave pattern of atrial flutter
ECG Strip: Sawtooth Wave Pattern of Atrial Flutter
AFib ECG
Atrial fibrillation is the most common tachyarrhythmia. The incidence is about 27-28 per 1000 person-years. AFib is a heart disease that causes the atria of the heart to have conduction or electrical problem that results in a chaotic, irregular production of irregular QRS waves with no P waves. In contrast, to flutter waves, the abnormal conduction creates irregular, rapid occurring QRS waves, some of which are conducted to the heart ventricles through the AV node. This results in the heart having ventricular contractions that are irregular, variable ineffective blood pumping, and usually range from about 100-175 bpm.
ECG strip showing abnormal wave pattern of atrial fibrillation
What do ECG and abnormal electrical conduction of atrial fibrillation look like?
ECG of the heart's abnormal electrical problem in AFib
Health News
What are the differences between how these two heart conditions feel (symptoms)?
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The difference between atrial flutter and AFib in terms of feeling is very similar. However, if the person can have someone (or even themselves) feel a pulse if the pulse is regular even though it's fast, the problem is probably atrial flutter. If the pulse is fast and irregular, then the person is more likely to have AFib.
Although some people have no symptoms and cannot feel the arrhythmias, common clinical symptoms of both arrhythmias are:
- Palpitations (person feels their heart beating or pounding)
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breath
- Feeling like you going to faint
- Blurry vision
- Lightheadedness
- Heart skipping beats
Serious symptoms may include the following:
- More severe shortness of breath
- Sweating
- Chest pain
- Fainting or loss of consciousness
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What is the difference between the treatments for atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation?
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In general, because these two arrhythmias are similar in their potential causes, the American Heart Association suggests the same treatment guidelines for both AFib and atrial flutter. The goal of any of these treatments is to return the heart to a normal condition and remove signals to generate arrhythmias.
In some individuals, vagal maneuvers like bearing down to have a bowel movement or administration of an IV dose of adenosine may stop atrial flutter. They do not work well for treatment or conversion or stoppage of AFib. However, other medications and procedures are virtually identical (dosage may vary) for the treatment of flutter and fibrillation according to the American Heart Association. Medications include antidysrhythmics and beta-blockers. Anticoagulants are used to prevent blood clots (thromboembolic problems).
Procedures include electrical cardioversion, ablation (radio wave ablation, laser ablation, freezing ablation techniques) of abnormal atrial tissue generating electrical impulses, and other surgical techniques such as generation of scar formation (Maze procedure) to block or eliminate abnormal P wave or irregular QRS complex formation in some individuals that are refractory to more common treatments.
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Can either of these conditions be prevented?
Unfortunately, these two problems are difficult to prevent because there are so many potential causes and risk factors associated with them. Some risk factors you cannot change; for example, age over 60, family members with one of the conditions, and being a white male. However, most organizations like the American Heart Association publish suggestions to reduce risk, which include:
- Get regular physical activity.
- Eat a heart-healthy diet, low in salt, saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol.
- Avoid excessive amounts of alcohol and caffeine.
- Don't smoke.
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Treat underlying diseases like high blood pressure, sleep apnea, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, or any disease of the heart (especially heart attack, heart valve disease, or heart failure).
- Individuals with risk factors they cannot change are especially encouraged to reduce risk by following these suggestions.
What is the prognosis for someone with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter?
The prognosis and life expectancy for patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation depend on the patient's underlying condition. Individuals with complicated medical conditions and poor responses to medications or procedures have a poorer prognosis.
- Patients with atrial flutter may have a slightly better prognosis than patients with atrial fibrillation.
- However, patients with arrhythmia that undergo ablation have an excellent prognosis with a very low recurrence rate. Ablation can allow a patient to have a normal rhythm with a normal ventricular rate (normal heart rate) and a return to normal heart health.
Medically Reviewed on 5/25/2022
References
American Heart Association. "Prevention Strategies for Atrial Fibrillation (AFib or AF)." Updated: July 2016
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